FORMATION OF THE TOP-MANAGEMENT
Tsunehiko Yui
The study of organizational structures from the
historical perspective has fallen out of favor in the academic world. In
In my opinion, Japanese top management has had unique
organizational traits, summarized in the following three aspects: combination
or fusion of managing and control positions, hierarchical rank order, and
restriction of membership to those with middle-level managerial experience.
In this paper I will analyze in detail how this kind of
organization had been devised and developed on a trial and error basis in the
Meiji Era.
THE FORMATIVE PROCESS
OF THE TOP MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION OF MITSUBISHI DURING MEIJI ERA
Yasuaki Nagasawa
Zaibatsu firms had several characteristic features;
diversified business, close ownership by family (Ie)
and so on. Corresponding to these features, their top management organization
was, differently from other non-Zaibatsu firms in
It is, however, after 1910s that each Zaibatsu firms had
formed such a common decentralized type of organization, and they differed from
each other during Meiji era. This article traces on the formation process of
the top management organization of Mitsubishi during Meiji era as a case study
of the Zaibatsu firms.
THE BRITISH BANKING
DEBATE ON THE CLYDESDALE BANK’S ACTION IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
Masami Kita
Banking in
The Scots claimed that their banking system was far more
stable than the English, when they had the government interferes under the
English bankers pressure with their banking performance.
In the 1870’s the matter flared up again. With the
improvement of communications during mid-19th century the regional money
markets (
The Clydesdale Banking Company opened its three north of
I wish to consider and compare the Scottish bankings at that time with that of
EMPLOYMENT OF
ENGINEERS IN THE JAPANESE INDUSTRY 1900-1910
Hoshimi Uchida
Increasing employment of engineers who
had graduated universities or technical colleges founded since 1880’s meant for
the private firms in the early phase of industrialization Organizational
growth, from relying upon a single all-round engineer through diversification
of jobs to the hierarchy of engineers. Examining the statistical data
concerning the distribution of engineers among industries as well as companies
for the year 1900 and 1910, those three Stages of organization are discernible
in the firms which belonged to such industries as railroad, mining, cotton and
electricity supply.
‘GROUPS’ AND
‘PREDOMINANCE’ IN THE FRENCH RAILWAY COMPANIES UNDER THE MONARCHIE DE JUILLET
Toshihiro Tanaka
French railway industry had the first boom years in the Monarchie de juillet. But it is
worthy to mention that in this period English capitalists also were interested
in French railway construction and its exploitation. Their capital invested in
French railway companies amounted to one-third of the total stock capital.
Sometimes the French co-operated with the English and sometimes the French
intended to exclude the English from the management of railway
company.
The object of this paper is to analyze this English
impact-French response relation.
Firstly, the author extracts five main ‘groups’ which
existed among French interests and English interests; the Laffitte
& Blount group, the London Merchant Bankers group, the Haute banquiers group, the Talabot
group and the Paris-Orleans group.
Secondly, the author intends to clear the characteristics
and behavior-pattern of each group.
Thirdly, the author analyzes which group acquired the
predominant position in the board of directors. In the beginning, the board of
directors ordinarily was composed of members of many different groups. But
later, among directors, the comte
de direction was formed, which include just a few members who belonged to the same
group. And actually it took charge of management. Other director
consequently were resigned to the feeble position. In this process, the
English directors were often eliminated from the center of management.
GENESIS OF THE CHAMBERS
OF COMMERCE IN
Hisashi Watanabe
Although the origin and development of the chambers of
industry and commerce in
The chambers came here into existence at the beginning of
the 19th century as auxiliary institutions of the Napoleonic central government
in Aachen/Burtscheid, Crefeld,
After
The new principle was ‘applied also to the older
Napoleonic chambers, which caused a serious confusion especially in the chamber
of
In this process, however, the transition from the
Napoleonic to the Rhine type of the chambers was performed and the leadership
of the liberal big merchant class was in Cologne established which enabled the
Chamber now to represent the interest not only of the city but also of
Rhineland as a whole because the merchants were most clearly aware of
consequence of interregional relations with Holland and Belgium which were indispensable
to build up the industrial structure of Rhineland in the era of traffic
revolution. The both companies of PreuBisch-Rheinische Dampfschiffahrtsge-sellschaft
and Rheinische Eisenbahn Gesellschaft were creations of the chamber of
SCOTTISH BANKING AND
THE FAILURE ‘OF THE WESTERN BANK’ OF
Toshio Suzuki
This paper presents a business history of the Western
Bank of
A. W. Kerr attributed the cause of the failure to the WBS’s manager’s mismanagement leaving the bank with a
shortage of reserves, in his “History of Banking in
However in Glasgow, one
of the centre of Anglo-American trade, many merchants
and manufactures desired to establish a bank, financed trades. Under such a circumstances, the WBS was set up in 1832.
It is obvious that the comparatively high demand for
money in
This shortage of cash and reserves was not the WBS only
problem. Trying to reap out competitors, by their absorption and by increasing
its own number of branches (use of an agency system), the WBS created for
itself a further problem’ a problem of high management and running costs. It
was because of these problems that the WBS gained the reputation of being a
very unstable institution amongst Scottish banks. In 1834, the WBS was in grave
trouble. The Jones, Loyd and Co., one of the leading
London Bankers, refused to honour a draft made upon
it by the WBS. Also, the WBS was told that if it did not change its banking
policy, the
In the autumn of 1857,
general commercial tension rose and the money market entered what might be
called a panic phase. There had been heavy American failures and bank
suspensions. The WBS faced ever increasing difficulties. The City Article of
the “Times”, October 30th included a paragraph stating that the